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Liu Zhijun (Later Liang)
Liu Zhijun (; died January 21, 918?〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 270.〕〔(Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter ).〕〔According to the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', Liu Zhijun was arrested on January 21, 918, and then executed, but it is not completely clear whether the execution was on the same day of the arrest.〕), courtesy name Xixian (希賢), nicknamed Liu Kaidao (劉開道, "Liu who opened the way"), was a general under Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (Zhu Quanzhong) while Emperor Taizu was a major warlord during the late Tang Dynasty and then during Emperor Taizu's reign in his new Later Liang. Later, fearing that Emperor Taizu was going to act against him, he defected, first to Qi, then to Former Shu. Former Shu's emperor Wang Jian (Emperor Gaozu), however, also was apprehensive of his talent and later had him executed.
== During Tang Dynasty ==
It is not known when Liu Zhijun was born, but it is known that he was from Pei County. It was said that he had a handsome appearance and had great ambitions. He initially served under Shi Pu the military governor (''Jiedushi'') of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and was highly regarded by Shi. However, his bravery and good use of tactics eventually caused Shi to be apprehensive of him.〔''History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 13.〕 Around the new year 892, he submitted to Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who was then engaged in a lengthy campaign against Shi. It was said that Liu's surrender to Zhu was a big blow to the Ganhua army, which from that point on was no longer able to stand up against Xuanwu.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 258.〕 (Ganhua's capital Xu Prefecture (徐州) would eventually fall to Zhu's army in 893, and Shi committed suicide.)〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 259.〕 Zhu put the two Yisheng armies (義勝軍) under Liu's command, and made him "Kaidao Commander" (開道指揮使, "the commander who opens the way"), thus leading to Liu's receiving the nickname of "Liu Kaidao." He later successively served as the prefect of Hai Prefecture (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu), Huai Prefecture (懷州, in modern Jiaozuo, Henan), and Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan).〔
In 901, the powerful eunuchs, led by Han Quanhui, feared that then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong and the chancellor Cui Yin were about to slaughter them. They therefore seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him from the capital Chang'an to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then ruled by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen. Cui summoned Zhu, who subsequently put Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 262.〕 However, the siege stalled, and Zhu was unable to capture Fengxiang for a long duration. As of fall 902, with his army facing rains and the accompanying illnesses, Zhu was considering lifting the siege and withdrawing to Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). Only at the urging by Liu and Gao Jichang did Zhu maintain the siege. (Subsequently, at Gao's suggestion, Zhu had a soldier surrender to Li and falsely claim that the Xuanwu forces were withdrawing. Li came out of Fengxiang and tried to attack Zhu's "withdrawing" army, and was trapped; he was only able to get back into Fengxiang with heavy losses. Li eventually slaughtered the eunuchs and surrendered the emperor to Zhu in spring 903 to sue for peace.)〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 263.〕
In spring 904, after Zhu had Cui killed (after suspecting Cui of turning against him), he further forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang. In the aftermaths, Zhu made Han Jian the military governor of Youguo Circuit (佑國, headquartered at Chang'an) and Liu the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), to defend against potential attacks from Li Maozhen and Li Maozhen's adoptive son Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi).〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 264.〕 In 906, when Li Jihui, along with the forces of Fengxiang and three other circuits then under Li Maozhen's control — Baosai (保塞, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), Zhangyi (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), and Baoda (保大, headquartered in modern Yan'an as well) — attacked Dingnan Circuit (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), Dingnan sought aid from Zhu. Zhu ordered Liu and Kang Huaizhen (康懷貞) to aid Dingnan. Liu first attacked Baoda, capturing Liu Yanhui (劉彥暉) the prefect of Baoda's Fang Prefecture (坊州, in modern Yan'an), and then defeated Li Jihui at Meiyuan (美原, in modern Weinan), forcing Li Jihui to withdraw back to Jingnan's capital Bin Prefecture (邠州). Liu Zhijun and Kang then attacked and captured Baoda's capital Fu Prefecture (鄜州) and Baosai's capital Yan Prefecture (延州), as well as three other prefectures. It was said that this was a huge blow to Li Maozhen's army. Liu was rewarded with the honorary chancellor designation of ''Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi'' (同中書門下平章事), while Kang was made the military governor of Baoda.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 265.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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